Program Requirements
Required Courses (15 credits)
* Note: Successful completion of intermediate-level Spanish (HISP 220D1/D2 or HISP 219 or equivalent) is a prerequisite for the required courses HISP 243 and HISP 244.
-
HISP 243 Survey of Latin American Literature and Culture 1 (3 credits) *
Overview
Hispanic Studies (Arts) : From the Colonial period to Modernism through a study of representative works.
Terms: Winter 2025
Instructors: Macchi, Maria (Winter)
Fall
Taught in Spanish
Prerequisite: successful completion of HISP 220D1/HISP 220D2, HISP 219 or equivalent
-
HISP 244 Survey of Latin American Literature and Culture 2 (3 credits) *
Overview
Hispanic Studies (Arts) : From Modernism to the present through a study of representative works.
Terms: Fall 2024
Instructors: Holmes, Amanda (Fall)
Winter
Taught in Spanish
Prerequisite: HISP 220D1/HISP 220D2, HISP 219 or equivalent
-
HIST 210 Introduction to Latin American History
(3 credits)
Overview
History : Historical development of Latin America’s peoples through the pre-Columbian, colonial and national periods, c. 1300-2000. Introduces key historiographical debates of the subfield and emphasizes the interpretation of primary source texts (in translation).
Terms: Fall 2024
Instructors: Blanc, Jacob (Fall)
-
LACS 497 Research Seminar: Latin America and the Caribbean (3 credits)
Overview
Latin American & Caribbean St : An interdisciplinary research seminar on topics of common interest to staff and students of the Latin-American and Caribbean Studies Program.
Terms: Winter 2025
Instructors: Raynor, Cecily (Winter)
Restriction: Open to Program students and to others with permission of the Program Adviser.
Ordinarily offered in alternate years
-
POLI 319 Politics of Latin America (3 credits)
Overview
Political Science : This course will deal with the dynamics of political change in Latin America today.
Terms: Winter 2025
Instructors: There are no professors associated with this course for the 2024-2025 academic year.
Prerequisite: A basic course in Comparative Politics or a course on the region or written permission of the instructor
Note: The field is Comparative Politics.
Complementary Courses (21 credits)
21 credits selected from the Complementary Course List in consultation with the Program Adviser with the following requirements:
1) Courses from at least two disciplines or departments must be included.
2) At least 6 of the 21 credits must be at the 300 level or above.
3) No more than 6 credits in Spanish or Portuguese language (HISP 210D1/D2, HISP 218, HISP 219, HISP 220D1/D2, HISP 222) shall count for the Major concentration.
Complementary Course List
Anthropology
-
ANTH 212 Anthropology of Development (3 credits)
Overview
Anthropology : Processes of developmental change, as they affect small communities in the Third World and in unindustrialized parts of developed countries. Problems of technological change, political integration, population growth, industrialization, urban growth, social services, infrastructure and economic dependency.
Terms: Winter 2025
Instructors: Kraichati, Cyntia (Winter)
Winter
-
ANTH 307 Andean Prehistory (3 credits)
Overview
Anthropology : Questions related to social inequality, ritual practice, monumental space, and urban landscapes within the context of the Pre-Columbian Andes and sections on the Inkas, as well as earlier groups, such as the Nazca, Wari, Moche, Tiwanaku, and Chimu.
Terms: This course is not scheduled for the 2024-2025 academic year.
Instructors: There are no professors associated with this course for the 2024-2025 academic year.
-
ANTH 319 Inka Archaeology and Ethnohistory (3 credits)
Overview
Anthropology : In-depth study of material and symbolic manifestations of power and identity in the Pre-Columbian Inka state, drawing on both archaeological and ethnohistoric sources.
Terms: Fall 2024
Instructors: Couture, Nicole (Fall)
-
ANTH 326 Anthropology of Latin America (3 credits)
Overview
Anthropology : Central themes in the anthropology of Latin America, including colonialism, religiosity, sexuality and gender, indigeneity, social movements, and transnationalism.
Terms: This course is not scheduled for the 2024-2025 academic year.
Instructors: There are no professors associated with this course for the 2024-2025 academic year.
Fall
Prerequisite: ANTH 202 or 204 or 205 or 206 or 212 or permission of instructor
-
ANTH 422 Contemporary Latin American Culture and Society (3 credits)
Overview
Anthropology : Themes central to the culture and society of contemporary Latin America and the Caribbean, including globalization, questions of race and ethnicity, (post)modernity, social movements, constructions of gender and sexuality, and national and diasporic identities.
Terms: This course is not scheduled for the 2024-2025 academic year.
Instructors: There are no professors associated with this course for the 2024-2025 academic year.
-
ANTH 428 Saints and Mediation in Latin America (3 credits)
Overview
Anthropology : This course examines religion in Latin America by means of a focus on the cult of the saints, a phenomenon central to religious, cultural and social life across the continent and key to the endurance of the institutional Catholic Church. Material in the course addresses various interpretive frames (e.g., historical, political economic, psychoanalytic, semiotic) in exploring how worship of the saints has marked Latin American society and culture, shaping sensibilities, sociality, nationalism, race, class, gender, and sexuality. The course also enables a comprehensive examination of Catholicism as both 'lived religion' and as shaped by the institutional Catholic Church.
Terms: This course is not scheduled for the 2024-2025 academic year.
Instructors: There are no professors associated with this course for the 2024-2025 academic year.
Canadian Studies
-
CANS 412 Canada and Americas Seminar (3 credits)
Overview
Canadian Studies : Canada and the Americas.
Terms: This course is not scheduled for the 2024-2025 academic year.
Instructors: There are no professors associated with this course for the 2024-2025 academic year.
Prerequisites: Cans 200 or permission of the Instructor
Economics
-
ECON 313 Economic Development 1 (3 credits)
Overview
Economics (Arts) : Microeconomic theories of economic development and empirical evidence on population, labour, firms, poverty. Inequality and environment.
Terms: Fall 2024, Winter 2025, Summer 2025
Instructors: Grimard, Franque (Fall) Ajzenman, Nicolas (Winter)
-
ECON 314 Economic Development 2 (3 credits)
Overview
Economics (Arts) : Macroeconomic development issues, including theories of growth, public finance, debt, currency crises, corruption, structural adjustment, democracy and global economic organization.
Terms: Fall 2024, Winter 2025
Instructors: Chemin, Matthieu (Fall) Grimard, Franque (Winter)
Prerequisite: ECON 313
English
* when given under a topic related to Latin American & Caribbean Studies
-
ENGL 431 Studies in Drama (3 credits)
Overview
English (Arts) : A study of a period or genre of drama. Topic varies by year.
Terms: Winter 2025
Instructors: Zien, Katherine (Winter)
For the most detailed and up-to-date descriptions of course and seminar offerings please see the Department of English website at .
Fall
Geography
* Note: GEOG 404 may only count toward the requirements for this program when the topic is related to Panama.
-
GEOG 310 Development and Livelihoods (3 credits)
Overview
Geography : Geographical dimensions of rural/urban livelihoods in the face of socioeconomic and environmental change in developing regions. Emphasis on household natural resource use, survival strategies and vulnerability, decision-making, formal and informal institutions, migration, and development experience in contrasting global environments.
Terms: This course is not scheduled for the 2024-2025 academic year.
Instructors: There are no professors associated with this course for the 2024-2025 academic year.
-
GEOG 404 Environmental Management 2 (3 credits) *
Overview
Geography : Practical application of environmental planning, analysis and management techniques with reference to the needs and problems of developing areas. Special challenges posed by cultural differences and traditional resource systems are discussed. This course involves practical field work in a developing area (Kenya or Panama).
Terms: Winter 2025
Instructors: There are no professors associated with this course for the 2024-2025 academic year.
Winter
3 hours
Prerequisite: GEOG 302 or permission of instructor
-
GEOG 408 Geography of Development (3 credits)
Overview
Geography : Examines the geographical dimensions of development policy, specifically the relationships between the process of development and human-induced environmental change. Focuses on environmental sustainability, struggles over resource control, population and poverty, and levels of governance (the role of the state, non-governmental organizations, and local communities).
Terms: Fall 2024
Instructors: Unruh, Jon (Fall)
-
GEOG 410 Geography of Underdevelopment: Current Problems (3 credits)
Overview
Geography : An examination of the cultural, political, and economic mechanisms and manifestations of contemporary underdevelopment and the response to it from different regional and national peripheral societies within the dominant world economic system.
Terms: This course is not scheduled for the 2024-2025 academic year.
Instructors: There are no professors associated with this course for the 2024-2025 academic year.
Winter
3 hours
Prerequisite: GEOG 216 or permission of instructor
-
GEOG 498 Humans in Tropical Environments (3 credits)
Overview
Geography : Focus on understanding of inter-relations between humans and neotropical environments represented in Panama. Study of contemporary rural landscapes, their origins, development and change. Impacts of economic growth and inequality, social organization, and politics on natural resource use and environmental degradation. Site visits and field exercises in peasant/colonist, Amerindian, and plantation communities.
Terms: Winter 2025
Instructors: le Polain de Waroux, Yann (Winter)
-
GEOG 510 Humid Tropical Environments (3 credits)
Overview
Geography : Focus on the environmental and human spatial relationships in tropical rain forest and savanna landscapes. Human adaptation to variations within these landscapes through time and space. Biophysical constraints upon "development" in the modern era.
Terms: This course is not scheduled for the 2024-2025 academic year.
Instructors: There are no professors associated with this course for the 2024-2025 academic year.
Fall
3 hours
Prerequisite: GEOG 203 or equivalent and written permission of the instructor
Hispanic Studies
-
HISP 202 Portuguese Language: Beginners (6 credits)
Overview
Hispanic Studies (Arts) : A comprehensive first-year course in speaking, reading and writing. Selected readings in Portuguese and Brazilian literature.
Terms: This course is not scheduled for the 2024-2025 academic year.
Instructors: There are no professors associated with this course for the 2024-2025 academic year.
Restriction: Departmental approval required
Restriction: beginners only
-
HISP 210D1 Spanish Language: Beginners (3 credits)
Overview
Hispanic Studies (Arts) : A comprehensive first-level course focusing on all oral and written skills. An introduction to the fundamentals of Spanish grammar and syntax and to Hispanic culture.
Terms: Fall 2024
Instructors: Chamanadjian, Lucia; Nunez, Rafael (Fall)
Fall, Winter
Restriction: Not open to students who have taken HISP 218 or equivalent
Students must register for both HISP 210D1 and HISP 210D2.
No credit will be given for this course unless both HISP 210D1 and HISP 210D2 are successfully completed in consecutive terms
HISP 210D1 and HISP 210D2 together are equivalent to HISP 210
-
HISP 210D2 Spanish Language: Beginners (3 credits)
Overview
Hispanic Studies (Arts) : See HISP 210D1 for course description.
Terms: Winter 2025
Instructors: Chamanadjian, Lucia; Nunez, Rafael; Sharma, Aarshiyaa (Winter)
Prerequisite: HISP 210D1
No credit will be given for this course unless both HISP 210D1 and HISP 210D2 are successfully completed in consecutive terms
HISP 210D1 and HISP 210D2 together are equivalent to HISP 210
-
HISP 218 Spanish Language Intensive - Elementary (6 credits)
Overview
Hispanic Studies (Arts) : A comprehensive first-level course focusing upon all oral and written skills. An introduction to the fundamentals of Spanish grammar and syntax and to Hispanic culture.
Terms: Fall 2024, Winter 2025
Instructors: Mascaro, Maria Teresa; Chamanadjian, Lucia (Fall) Barriales Bouche, Alejandra; Chamanadjian, Lucia (Winter)
Fall or Winter
Restriction: Not open to students who have taken HISP 210 or 210D1/D2 or equivalent
-
HISP 219 Spanish Language Intensive - Intermediate (6 credits)
Overview
Hispanic Studies (Arts) : A thorough review of Spanish grammar with emphasis upon current usage. Enrichment of all language skills, with a goal of proficiency in written and oral communication, through readings in the literature and civilization of Spain and Spanish America.
Terms: Fall 2024, Winter 2025
Instructors: Barriales Bouche, Alejandra; Chamanadjian, Lucia (Fall) Mascaro, Maria Teresa; Chamanadjian, Lucia (Winter)
Fall or Winter
Prerequisite: HISP 210 or 210D1/D2 or HISP 218 or equivalent
Restriction: Not open to students who have taken HISP 220D1/D2 or equivalent
-
HISP 220D1 Spanish Language: Intermediate (3 credits)
Overview
Hispanic Studies (Arts) : A thorough review of Spanish grammar with emphasis upon current usage. Enrichment of all language skills, with a goal of proficiency in written and oral communication, through readings in the literature and civilization of Spain and Spanish America.
Terms: Fall 2024
Instructors: Chamanadjian, Lucia; Guimont, Anny; Fernández Molina, Dayana (Fall)
Fall, Winter
Restriction: Not open to students who have taken HISP 219 or equivalent
Students must register for both HISP 220D1 and HISP 220D2.
No credit will be given for this course unless both HISP 220D1 and HISP 220D2 are successfully completed in consecutive terms
HISP 220D1 and HISP 220D2 together are equivalent to HISP 220
-
HISP 220D2 Spanish Language: Intermediate (3 credits)
Overview
Hispanic Studies (Arts) : A thorough review of Spanish grammar with emphasis upon current usage. Enrichment of all language skills, with a goal of proficiency in written and oral communication, through readings in the literature and cultural aspects of Spain and Spanish America.
Terms: Winter 2025
Instructors: Chamanadjian, Lucia; Guimont, Anny; Pomareda CĂ©spedes, Fernando (Winter)
Winter
Prerequisite: HISP 220D1
No credit will be given for this course unless both HISP 220D1 and HISP 220D2 are successfully completed in consecutive terms
HISP 220D1 and HISP 220D2 together are equivalent to HISP 220
-
HISP 225 Hispanic Civilization 1 (3 credits)
Overview
Hispanic Studies (Arts) : A survey of historical and cultural elements which constitute the background of the Hispanic world up to the 18th century; a survey of the pre-Columbian indigenous civilizations (Aztec, Maya and Inca) and the conquest of America.
Terms: Fall 2024
Instructors: Jouve-Martin, Jose (Fall)
Fall
Taught in English
-
HISP 226 Hispanic Civilization 2 (3 credits)
Overview
Hispanic Studies (Arts) : A survey of the constitution of the ideological and political structures of the Spanish Empire in both Europe and America until the Wars of Independence; a survey of the culture and history of the Hispanic people from the early 19th Century to the present.
Terms: Winter 2025
Instructors: Jouve-Martin, Jose (Winter)
Winter
Taught in English
-
HISP 301 Hispanic Literature and Culture in English 1 (3 credits)
Overview
Hispanic Studies (Arts) : A topic in the literatures and/or cultures of the Hispanic world will be studied, with all readings and discussion in English.
Terms: This course is not scheduled for the 2024-2025 academic year.
Instructors: There are no professors associated with this course for the 2024-2025 academic year.
Fall
Taught in English
-
HISP 320 Contemporary Brazilian Literature and Film (3 credits)
Overview
Hispanic Studies (Arts) : This course introduces students to Brazilian literature and film from the early 20th century to the present day. Students will examine literary works and films from a historical perspective, studying the social, political and regional processes in which they are embedded. From the barren Northeast, to an analysis of gender and race, to urban violence and its manifestations to the contemporary cityscape, this course covers a range of visual and textual material. Students will engage works from major Brazilian authors and filmmakers in conjunction with theoretical texts to better understand some of the main developments in contemporary cultural production.
Terms: Fall 2024
Instructors: Raynor, Cecily (Fall)
Course taught in English.
-
HISP 328 Literature of Ideas: Latin America (3 credits)
Overview
Hispanic Studies (Arts) : Critical reading and discussion of works of outstanding thinkers as a key to understanding the cultural development of a continent.
Terms: This course is not scheduled for the 2024-2025 academic year.
Instructors: There are no professors associated with this course for the 2024-2025 academic year.
-
HISP 332 Latin American Literature of 19th Century (3 credits)
Overview
Hispanic Studies (Arts) : An intensive study of representative authors from the period of Independence to the advent of Modernism.
Terms: This course is not scheduled for the 2024-2025 academic year.
Instructors: There are no professors associated with this course for the 2024-2025 academic year.
-
HISP 333 Theatre, Performance and Politics in Latin America (3 credits)
Overview
Hispanic Studies (Arts) : A study of the outstanding works of the theatre from the colonial period to the present, including pre-Columbian works.
Terms: Fall 2024
Instructors: Holmes, Amanda (Fall)
-
HISP 340 Latin American Cinema (3 credits)
Overview
Hispanic Studies (Arts) : A study of representative films, directors and movements of the region. Topic specified by instructor.
Terms: This course is not scheduled for the 2024-2025 academic year.
Instructors: There are no professors associated with this course for the 2024-2025 academic year.
-
HISP 352 Latin American Novel (3 credits)
Overview
Hispanic Studies (Arts) : Critical reading and discussion of contemporary Spanish-American fiction writers.
Terms: This course is not scheduled for the 2024-2025 academic year.
Instructors: There are no professors associated with this course for the 2024-2025 academic year.
-
HISP 356 Latin American Short Story (3 credits)
Overview
Hispanic Studies (Arts) : Study of style, tendencies and types as reflected in the evolution of this genre, and seen against the background of a developing continent.
Terms: This course is not scheduled for the 2024-2025 academic year.
Instructors: There are no professors associated with this course for the 2024-2025 academic year.
-
HISP 357 Latin American Digital Literature and Culture (3 credits)
Overview
Hispanic Studies (Arts) : This course will examine digital cultural production in Latin America from 1990 to the present day. This course introduces students to theoretical frameworks necessary for approaching new media and web-based cultural artifacts, both literary and visual. Students will come into contact with the major writers, artists and web-based cultural producers in Latin America and issues pertinent to the study of the Web in the region.
Terms: This course is not scheduled for the 2024-2025 academic year.
Instructors: There are no professors associated with this course for the 2024-2025 academic year.
-
HISP 358 Gender and Textualities (3 credits)
Overview
Hispanic Studies (Arts) : Historical development and literary tendencies regarding gender and sexuality in Hispanic literature, film, and culture.
Terms: This course is not scheduled for the 2024-2025 academic year.
Instructors: There are no professors associated with this course for the 2024-2025 academic year.
-
HISP 432 Literature - Discovery and Exploration Spain New World (3 credits)
Overview
Hispanic Studies (Arts) : A study of the primary literary and intellectual developments stemming from Spain's discovery of the Americas. Special attention will be given to the changing perception of the New World's natural resources and indigenous peoples as this is reflected in the literature of the period.
Terms: This course is not scheduled for the 2024-2025 academic year.
Instructors: There are no professors associated with this course for the 2024-2025 academic year.
-
HISP 437 Colonial / Postcolonial Latin America (3 credits)
Overview
Hispanic Studies (Arts) : A study of the dialogue between colonial and postcolonial Latin American texts and theories.
Terms: This course is not scheduled for the 2024-2025 academic year.
Instructors: There are no professors associated with this course for the 2024-2025 academic year.
-
HISP 439 Topics: Latin American Literature (3 credits)
Overview
Hispanic Studies (Arts) : Specific topics of interest in Spanish-American literature.
Terms: This course is not scheduled for the 2024-2025 academic year.
Instructors: There are no professors associated with this course for the 2024-2025 academic year.
-
HISP 455 Major Figures: Latin American Literature and Culture (3 credits)
Overview
Hispanic Studies (Arts) : Specific figures of interest in Spanish-American literature.
Terms: This course is not scheduled for the 2024-2025 academic year.
Instructors: There are no professors associated with this course for the 2024-2025 academic year.
-
HISP 505 Seminar in Hispanic Studies 01 (3 credits)
Overview
Hispanic Studies (Arts) : A team-taught seminar examining major issues in Hispanic letters that transcend national literatures and historical periods. Although the specific topics will vary, each will address broad questions of a diachronic nature, thereby permitting an understanding of literary schools and movements, genres or ideologies present throughout the Hispanic world.
Terms: This course is not scheduled for the 2024-2025 academic year.
Instructors: There are no professors associated with this course for the 2024-2025 academic year.
Winter
Taught in Spanish
History
-
HIST 223 Indigenous Peoples and Empires (3 credits)
Overview
History : History of Indigenous Peoples of North and South America and their early experiences of European conquest and colonization, c. 1400 - 1800.
Terms: Winter 2025
Instructors: Nawrocki, Iwa (Winter)
-
HIST 309 History of Latin America to 1825 (3 credits)
Overview
History : The social, cultural, and economic aspects of Latin America and the Caribbean in the colonial period and the transition to independence.
Terms: This course is not scheduled for the 2024-2025 academic year.
Instructors: There are no professors associated with this course for the 2024-2025 academic year.
-
HIST 360 Latin America since 1825 (3 credits)
Overview
History : Themes in the political, economic, and social development of Latin America since the wars of independence.
Terms: This course is not scheduled for the 2024-2025 academic year.
Instructors: There are no professors associated with this course for the 2024-2025 academic year.
- HIST 366 Themes in Latin American History (3 credits)
-
HIST 409 Topics in Latin American History (3 credits)
Overview
History : In-depth discussion and research on a circumscribed topic in the history of Latin America and the Caribbean, 1492 to the present.
Terms: This course is not scheduled for the 2024-2025 academic year.
Instructors: There are no professors associated with this course for the 2024-2025 academic year.
-
HIST 419 Central America (3 credits)
Overview
History : The study of historical roots of the regional crisis of the 1980s, with particular attention to Nicaragua, El Salvador and Guatemala.
Terms: This course is not scheduled for the 2024-2025 academic year.
Instructors: There are no professors associated with this course for the 2024-2025 academic year.
-
HIST 564D1 Seminar: Latin American History (3 credits)
Overview
History : Exploration of a selected topic in Latin America history.
Terms: Fall 2024
Instructors: Cadeau, Sabine (Fall)
Prerequisites: HIST 309, HIST 360, HIST 366, HIST 409 or permission of instructor
Students must register for both HIST 564D1 and HIST 564D2
No credit will be given for this course unless both HIST 564D1 and HIST 564D2 are successfully completed in consecutive terms
-
HIST 564D2 Seminar: Latin American History (3 credits)
Overview
History : See HIST 564D1 for course description.
Terms: Winter 2025
Instructors: Cadeau, Sabine (Winter)
Prerequisite: HIST 564D1
No credit will be given for this course unless both HIST 564D1 and HIST 564D2 are successfully completed in consecutive terms
-
HIST 580D1 European and Native-American Encounters (3 credits)
Overview
History : This seminar will examine European and Native encounters throughout the Americas, from the late 15th century to the mid-nineteenth century. The aim is to introduce students to key primary sources related to contact, and to the methods used to interpret them.
Terms: This course is not scheduled for the 2024-2025 academic year.
Instructors: There are no professors associated with this course for the 2024-2025 academic year.
Prerequisite (Undergraduate): Permission of instructor. Priority is given to Graduate students
Students must register for both HIST 580D1 and HIST 580D2.
No credit will be given for this course unless both HIST 580D1 and HIST 580D2 are successfully completed in consecutive terms
-
HIST 580D2 European and Native-American Encounters (3 credits)
Overview
History : See HIST 580D1 for course description.
Terms: This course is not scheduled for the 2024-2025 academic year.
Instructors: There are no professors associated with this course for the 2024-2025 academic year.
Prerequisite: HIST 580D1
No credit will be given for this course unless both HIST 580D1 and HIST 580D2 are successfully completed in consecutive terms
Latin American and Caribbean Studies
-
LACS 480 Latin American and Caribbean Studies Reading Course (3 credits)
Overview
Latin American & Caribbean St : Supervised reading in advance special topics in Latin American and Caribbean Studies under the direction of member of faculty.
Terms: Fall 2024
Instructors: There are no professors associated with this course for the 2024-2025 academic year.
Prerequisite(s): Having completed at least two of the required courses of the Program.
-
LACS 499 Internship: Latin America and Caribbean Studies (3 credits)
Overview
Latin American & Caribbean St : Internship with an approved host institution or organization.
Terms: Winter 2025
Instructors: Raynor, Cecily (Winter)
Prerequisite(s): Permission of the program Internship Advisor.
Restriction(s): Open to U2 and U3 students after completing 30 credits of a 90 credit degree program or 45 credits of a 69-120 credit program, a minimum CGPA of 2.7 and permission of the program Internship Advisor. This course will normally not fulfill program requirements for seminar or 400 level courses.
Political Science
-
POLI 227 Introduction to Comparative Politics - Global South (3 credits)
Overview
Political Science : An introduction to politics across the Global South. A comparative examination of the legacies of colonialism, the achievement of independence, and political and socio-economic development in Africa, Asia and Latin America. Topics include modernization, dependency, state-building, political violence, revolution, the role of the military, authoritarianism, and democratization.
Terms: Winter 2025
Instructors: Douek, Daniel (Winter)
Note: The field is Comparative Politics.