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Physical and Health Education (120 credits)

Offered by: Kinesiology and Physical Ed     Degree: Bachelor of Education

Program Requirements

The Bachelor of Education (B.Ed.) - Physical and Health Education is a 120-credit program leading to teacher certification. Students who have not completed Quebec CEGEP, French Baccalaureate, International Baccalaureate, or at least one year of university studies prior to commencing the B.Ed. must also complete a minimum of 30 credits of Freshman courses (in addition to the 120 credit program) for a total of 150 credits.

The Physical and Health Education program prepares students to teach physical and health education at the elementary and secondary levels. In a unique structure interweaving academic studies, professional course work, and teaching practices over the course of study, students are rapidly given the opportunity to assume a teaching role; the extent of teaching involvement and expectations progressively building on additional academic and professional courses.

Please note that graduates of teacher education programs are recommended by the University for Quebec certification to the Ministère de l'Éducation, et L'Enseignment supérieur (MEES). For more information about teacher certification in Quebec, please refer to the Faculty of Education section under "Overview of Faculty Programs", "Undergraduate Education Programs", and "Quebec Teacher Certification".

Freshman Program

Freshman students are required to complete 30 credits of introductory (100- or 200-level) courses. Students will not be granted permission to take first-year (U1) courses if the credits from the Freshman year have not been obtained. For students considering a second teachable subject, the following areas are recommended: history, geography, English, or mathematics.

From the "Required Courses" list, Freshman students take the 0-credit course EDEC 215 English Language Requirement. In addition, in consultation with the Program Adviser, students may select courses from the recommended course list below or other courses.

  • EDEC 202 Effective Communication (3 credits)

    Offered by: Integrated Studies in Ed (Faculty of Education)

    Overview

    Curriculum and Instruction : Effective writing, speaking, and non-verbal communication skills for a variety of academic and professional situations. Feedback approaches, influential rhetoric, and how to make effective requests to build productive teams through communication. Communication norms in multiple contexts and cultures, identification and correction of common errors in grammar, mechanics and usage.

    Terms: Fall 2024

    Instructors: Peters, Stephen; Bennett-Stonebanks, Melanie; Mannard, Emily (Fall)

  • EDEM 220 Contemporary Issues in Education (3 credits)

    Offered by: Integrated Studies in Ed (Faculty of Education)

    Overview

    Admin & Policy Studies in Ed : An introduction to contemporary issues in education in local, national and international contexts, including a critical perspective on educational issues by drawing on a variety of analytical frameworks.

    Terms: Fall 2024

    Instructors: Miller, Mitchell; Lister, Jason (Fall)

  • WCOM 250 Research Essay and Rhetoric (3 credits)

    Offered by: McGill Writing Centre (Faculty of Arts)

    Overview

    WCOM : Academic research-based writing across the disciplines. Article summary, critical analysis, rhetorical strategies, citation and paraphrase of academic sources, and editing for cohesion and clarity.

    Terms: Fall 2024, Winter 2025

    Instructors: Cooper, Richard; Hung, Yvonne; Babyn, André; Abram, Zachary; Scheer, Kodi (Fall) Govender, Sumanthra; Hung, Yvonne; Abram, Zachary; Cooper, Richard (Winter)

    • Restriction: Not open to students who have taken CESL 500 or CEAP 250 or WCOM 255. Only open to students in degree programs - all years and faculties.

    • Intended for students whose first language is English.

    • Entrance test: Short essay first day of classes.

Required Courses (102 credits)

  • EDEC 215 English Exam for Teacher Certification

    Offered by: Integrated Studies in Ed (Faculty of Education)

    Overview

    Curriculum and Instruction : The English Exam for Teacher Certification (EETC) is a Quebec Ministry of Education-required component of the B.Ed. degree. The exam is coordinated by an independent organization, the Centre for the English Exam for Teacher Certification (CEETC). Consists of a 2-hour exam designed to assess teacher candidates' competency in the language of instruction. Must be completed before the 3rd Field Experience. Students must register for EDEC 215 and register for the EETC on the CEETC website. Students who do not pass after four attempts require permission from the Internships & Student Affairs Office to re-take the exam.

    Terms: Fall 2024

    Instructors: Brook, Jill; Peters, Stephen (Fall)

  • EDEC 247 Policy Issues in Quebec and Indigenous Education (3 credits)

    Offered by: Integrated Studies in Ed (Faculty of Education)

    Overview

    Curriculum and Instruction : The organization of Quebec education, including Indigenous education, from historical, political, social, cultural and legal perspectives. The implications and contributions of policy decisions to schools, students, and families.

    Terms: Fall 2024, Summer 2025

    Instructors: Farmer, Frederick; Bordonaro, Tino (Fall)

    • Restriction: Not open to students who have taken EDEM 405.

    • **Due to the intensive nature of this course, the standard add/drop and withdrawal deadlines do not apply. Add/drop is the second lecture day and withdrawal is the fifth lecture day.

  • EDEC 260 Philosophical Foundations (3 credits)

    Offered by: Integrated Studies in Ed (Faculty of Education)

    Overview

    Curriculum and Instruction : Ideas essential for the development of a coherent educational theory and sound professional practice. Reflections on: the nature of the person, of reality, of knowledge, and of value; the aims of education, the nature of the school and the curriculum, the roles and responsibilities of professional educators.

    Terms: Fall 2024, Winter 2025

    Instructors: Malenfant, Jayne; Noroozi, Nasim; Dhali, Helal (Fall) Lister, Jason; Kohatsu, Martina (Winter)

    • Restrictions: Not open to students who have taken EDER 400. Students who have taken or are taking EDEC 261 cannot take this course for credit.

  • EDFE 246 First Field Experience (Physical Education) (3 credits)

    Offered by: Education - Dean's Office (Faculty of Education)

    Overview

    Student Teaching : Supervised student teaching in Physical Education in an elementary school. Students are expected to apprise themselves of Field Experience dates, duration and responsibilities as outlined on the Internships and Student Affairs website at http://www.mcgill.ca/isa

    Terms: Summer 2025

    Instructors: Creamer, Michael; Zein, Yasmine (Summer)

    • Prerequisite: EDKP 342

    • Restriction: Open to B.Ed. Physical and Health Education students

    • Note: Expectations for this field experience can be found at .

  • EDFE 373 Second Field Experience (Physical Education) (3 credits)

    Offered by: Education - Dean's Office (Faculty of Education)

    Overview

    Student Teaching : Supervised student teaching in physical education in a secondary school. Students are expected to apprise themselves of Field Experience dates, duration and responsibilities as outlined on the Internships and Student Affairs website at www.mcgill.ca/isa.

    Terms: Summer 2025

    Instructors: Creamer, Michael; Zein, Yasmine (Summer)

    • Prerequisite: EDFE 246

    • Restriction: Open to B.Ed. Phys. Ed. students.

    • Note: Expectations for this field experience, according to your program, can be found at .

    • Add/Drop date: Wednesday, May 20. Withdrawal without refund: May 25.

  • EDFE 380 Third Field Experience (Physical Education) (7 credits)

    Offered by: Education - Dean's Office (Faculty of Education)

    Overview

    Student Teaching : Supervised student teaching physical education in a school. Students are expected to apprise themselves of Field Experience dates, duration and responsibilities as outlined on the Internships and Student Affairs website at www.mcgill.ca/isa.

    Terms: Fall 2024

    Instructors: Zein, Yasmine; Creamer, Michael (Fall)

    • Prerequisites: EDFE 373, EDEC 215.

    • Corequisite: EDKP 307.

    • Restriction: Only open to B.Ed. Physical and Health Education students.

    • Note: Expectations for this field experience, according to your program, can be found at .

  • EDFE 480 Fourth Field Experience (Physical Education) (7 credits)

    Offered by: Education - Dean's Office (Faculty of Education)

    Overview

    Student Teaching : A minimum of 35 days of supervised teaching Physical Education in a school.

    Terms: Fall 2024, Winter 2025

    Instructors: Creamer, Michael; Zein, Yasmine (Fall) Creamer, Michael; Zein, Yasmine (Winter)

    • Prerequisite: EDFE 380

    • Corequisite: EDKP 442.

    • Restriction: Only open to B.Ed. Physical Education students

    • Note: Expectations for this field experience, according to your program, can be found at .

  • EDKP 100 Introduction to Physical and Health Education in Quebec (3 credits)

    Offered by: Kinesiology and Physical Ed (Faculty of Education)

    Overview

    Kinesiology&Physical Education : This course will place physical and health education into the Quebec context. Relationships between academic course work and physical activity course offerings will be made to clearly link research and teaching practice.

    Terms: Fall 2024

    Instructors: Creamer, Michael (Fall)

    • Restriction(s): Restricted to U1 B.Ed. in Physical and Health Education students only.

    • Restriction(s): Not open to students who have taken EDKP 226 and EDKP 394.

  • EDKP 204 Health Education (3 credits)

    Offered by: Kinesiology and Physical Ed (Faculty of Education)

    Overview

    Kinesiology&Physical Education : A study of the teacher's role in the total school health program at both elementary and high school levels; current issues in contemporary health education.

    Terms: Fall 2024

    Instructors: Koch, Jordan (Fall)

  • EDKP 208 Biomechanics and Motor Learning (3 credits)

    Offered by: Kinesiology and Physical Ed (Faculty of Education)

    Overview

    Kinesiology&Physical Education : Nature and mechanical function of human movement in sport, dance, physical recreation and adapted movement activities.

    Terms: Winter 2025

    Instructors: Chen, Yiyang; Bedime, Jordan (Winter)

    • Prerequisite: EDKP 293.

    • Restriction: Not open to students who have taken EDKP 206.

  • EDKP 213 Aquatics (1 credit)

    Offered by: Kinesiology and Physical Ed (Faculty of Education)

    Overview

    Kinesiology&Physical Education : Acquisition of skills and techniques in aquatics.

    Terms: Winter 2025

    Instructors: Crocker, Bradley (Winter)

  • EDKP 215 Standard First Aid/Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation Level C

    Offered by: Kinesiology and Physical Ed (Faculty of Education)

    Overview

    Kinesiology&Physical Education : Students are expected to take, on their own in their final year of study, Standard Level Safety First Aid/Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation Level "C" course and submit proof of certification to the Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education. Anyone who fails to submit valid proof of certification will not be granted a degree.

    Terms: This course is not scheduled for the 2024-2025 academic year.

    Instructors: There are no professors associated with this course for the 2024-2025 academic year.

  • EDKP 217 Track and Field (3 credits)

    Offered by: Kinesiology and Physical Ed (Faculty of Education)

    Overview

    Kinesiology&Physical Education : Using track and field to address a variety of progressions of learning that are included at all levels of, and in relation to, the Quebec Physical Education Curriculum. The Sport Education model will be utilized to stress the transferability of the sport-specific skills needed to engage in track and field.

    Terms: Fall 2024

    Instructors: Mocella, Jessica (Fall)

  • EDKP 223 Games 1: Elementary Physical Education (3 credits)

    Offered by: Kinesiology and Physical Ed (Faculty of Education)

    Overview

    Kinesiology&Physical Education : Focus on Teaching Games For Understanding, in relation to the Quebec Physical Education Curriculum, which includes invasion games, target games, net and wall games, and striking and fielding games. Emphasis will be placed on fundamental movement through a variety of games and physical activities.

    Terms: Fall 2024

    Instructors: Mocella, Jessica (Fall)

  • EDKP 225 Games 2: Secondary Physical Education (3 credits)

    Offered by: Kinesiology and Physical Ed (Faculty of Education)

    Overview

    Kinesiology&Physical Education : Focus on Teaching Games For Understanding, in relation to the Quebec Physical Education Curriculum, to explore sport-specific skills, tactics, and strategies that are included across traditional sports and settings. The conceptual teaching of physical education will be emphasized.

    Terms: Fall 2024

    Instructors: Creamer, Michael (Fall)

  • EDKP 232 Health-Related Fitness (3 credits)

    Offered by: Kinesiology and Physical Ed (Faculty of Education)

    Overview

    Kinesiology&Physical Education : Participation in activities surrounding the components of cardiovascular fitness, strength, and flexibility. Exposure to a variety of fitness assessments as well as how these assessments can be used to connect to the Quebec Physical Education Curriculum’s student plans of action in regards to overall health and well-being.

    Terms: Winter 2025

    Instructors: Creamer, Michael (Winter)

  • EDKP 235 Non-Traditional Physical Activities (3 credits)

    Offered by: Kinesiology and Physical Ed (Faculty of Education)

    Overview

    Kinesiology&Physical Education : Martial arts, meditation,stress releasing and other related activities will be introduced to incorporate these activities into future physical education and health programs. The Quebec Physical Education Curriculum will be utilized.

    Terms: Winter 2025

    Instructors: Mocella, Jessica (Winter)

  • EDKP 237 Outdoor Education (3 credits)

    Offered by: Kinesiology and Physical Ed (Faculty of Education)

    Overview

    Kinesiology&Physical Education : Utilization of the outdoors in interdisciplinary lesson planning to engage students in alternative environments, using the Teaching Personal Social Responsibility Through Physical Activity model. Urban outdoor activities will also be included to meet the realities of teaching in large urban centres.

    Terms: Winter 2025

    Instructors: Creamer, Michael (Winter)

  • EDKP 253 Movement Education (3 credits)

    Offered by: Kinesiology and Physical Ed (Faculty of Education)

    Overview

    Kinesiology&Physical Education : A Laban theme-based approach will be incorporated through dance, gymnastics, circus and parkour. Basic movement patterns of balance, landings, rotations, and locomotion will be taught. Developmental lesson planning and safety will be incorporated throughout the course.

    Terms: Winter 2025

    Instructors: Mocella, Jessica (Winter)

  • EDKP 261 Motor Development (3 credits)

    Offered by: Kinesiology and Physical Ed (Faculty of Education)

    Overview

    Kinesiology&Physical Education : Changes apparent in motor behaviour from conception to old age. Two perspectives are emphasized: 1) contemporary and historical theories of human development, 2) development of motor behaviour and influences of physical growth, sensori-perceptual development, information processing and socio-cultural factors.

    Terms: Fall 2024

    Instructors: Gentil, Benoit (Fall)

  • EDKP 292 Nutrition and Wellness (3 credits)

    Offered by: Kinesiology and Physical Ed (Faculty of Education)

    Overview

    Kinesiology&Physical Education : This course will examine the role of carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals and water in a balanced diet. Students will be introduced to the affects of nutrition on exercise, sport performance and wellness. The validity of claims concerning nutrient supplements will be studied.

    Terms: Fall 2024

    Instructors: Plourde, Hugues; Blunden, Sarah (Fall)

    • Restriction: Not open to students who have taken EDKP 392

  • EDKP 293 Anatomy and Physiology (3 credits)

    Offered by: Kinesiology and Physical Ed (Faculty of Education)

    Overview

    Kinesiology&Physical Education : Basic foundations of structural, neuromuscular and visceral anatomy extending to the basic elements of the neuromuscular, circulatory and respiratory systems with emphasis on applications in instructional and coaching settings.

    Terms: Fall 2024

    Instructors: Saboune, Jinan (Fall)

  • EDKP 307 Evaluation in Physical Education (3 credits)

    Offered by: Kinesiology and Physical Ed (Faculty of Education)

    Overview

    Kinesiology&Physical Education : Measurement and evaluation techniques designed to assess progress in physical education settings.

    Terms: Fall 2024

    Instructors: Vaillant, Johanne (Fall)

    • Prerequisite: EDFE 246

    • Restriction: Not open to students who have taken EDKP 207

  • EDKP 330 Physical Activity and Public Health (3 credits)

    Offered by: Kinesiology and Physical Ed (Faculty of Education)

    Overview

    Kinesiology&Physical Education : Introduction to literature on the role of physical activity and general health and well-being. Examination of exercise adherence issues, exercise prescription, and the economic impact of physical fitness programs in the workplace. Epidemiologic literature. Concepts of health promotion and public health.

    Terms: Fall 2024

    Instructors: Andersen, Ross (Fall)

  • EDKP 342 Physical Education Methods (3 credits)

    Offered by: Kinesiology and Physical Ed (Faculty of Education)

    Overview

    Kinesiology&Physical Education : This course is a prerequisite for all field experience and practice.) Designed to prepare students for a teaching/leadership role in physical education. They will examine teaching/leadership effectiveness as it relates to organization and observation techniques, planning, instruction and evaluation of physical activity.

    Terms: Winter 2025

    Instructors: Harvey, William James; Creamer, Michael (Winter)

  • EDKP 391 Physiology in Sport and Exercise (3 credits)

    Offered by: Kinesiology and Physical Ed (Faculty of Education)

    Overview

    Kinesiology&Physical Education : Examination of the responses of the human body during and following acute and chronic exercise with practical applications for a school setting.

    Terms: Winter 2025

    Instructors: Churchward-Venne, Tyler (Winter)

  • EDKP 394 Historical Perspectives (3 credits)

    Offered by: Kinesiology and Physical Ed (Faculty of Education)

    Overview

    Kinesiology&Physical Education : A historical survey of the form and function of organized sport and physical activity.

    Terms: Winter 2025

    Instructors: Koch, Jordan (Winter)

  • EDKP 396 Adapted Physical Activity (3 credits)

    Offered by: Kinesiology and Physical Ed (Faculty of Education)

    Overview

    Kinesiology&Physical Education : Assessment, instruction and evaluation in physical activity for special populations. Emphasis on inclusion of people labelled intellectually disabled, learning disabled, physically awkward, autistic, visually or hearing impaired and physically disabled. Weekly lectures plus practical teaching lab.

    Terms: Fall 2024

    Instructors: Harvey, William James (Fall)

    • Restriction: Not open to students who have taken EDKP 496

  • EDKP 442 Physical Education Pedagogy (3 credits)

    Offered by: Kinesiology and Physical Ed (Faculty of Education)

    Overview

    Kinesiology&Physical Education : This pedagogy course builds on physical education methods and field experiences. It focuses on the developing teacher, the establishment of the learning environment, and the implementation of the varied teaching strategies. Principles of research on teaching in physical education are translated into practical techniques for application in the field.

    Terms: Winter 2025

    Instructors: Koch, Jordan (Winter)

  • EDKP 443 Research Methods (3 credits)

    Offered by: Kinesiology and Physical Ed (Faculty of Education)

    Overview

    Kinesiology&Physical Education : How to conduct and understand research in physical activity, including a complete overview of the research process, statistical and measurement concepts in research, the various types of research including both quantitative and qualitative aspects, as well as ways of presenting research.

    Terms: Fall 2024

    Instructors: da Costa, Bruno; FalcĂŁo, William (Fall)

  • EDKP 448 Exercise and Health Psychology (3 credits)

    Offered by: Kinesiology and Physical Ed (Faculty of Education)

    Overview

    Kinesiology&Physical Education : The psychological aspects of health and participation in exercise and physical activity. The application of psychological knowledge and methodology within exercise and health. Theory and evidence on selected topics in this area of study.

    Terms: Winter 2025

    Instructors: Sweet, Shane (Winter)

  • EDKP 494 Physical Education Curriculum Development (3 credits)

    Offered by: Kinesiology and Physical Ed (Faculty of Education)

    Overview

    Kinesiology&Physical Education : Analysis of important philosophies, principles, and personal, educational, and societal issues that influence current physical and health education curricula with particular emphasis on the Québec curriculum for Physical Education and Health.

    Terms: Winter 2025

    Instructors: da Costa, Bruno (Winter)

  • EDKP 498 Sport Psychology (3 credits)

    Offered by: Kinesiology and Physical Ed (Faculty of Education)

    Overview

    Kinesiology&Physical Education : The psychological aspects of participation in sport and physical activity relative to performance enhancement.

    Terms: Fall 2024

    Instructors: Glaude, Marc (Fall)

  • EDPE 300 Educational Psychology (3 credits)

    Offered by: Educational&Counselling Psych (Faculty of Education)

    Overview

    Ed Psych & Couns (Psychology) : Selected theories, models, and concepts relevant to planning and reflecting upon educational practice and improvement. Overview of development, learning, thinking, motivation, individual difference, etc. In relation to applications in classroom teaching and learning, the complementary role of counsellors and psychologists, educational computing and technology. The Youth Protection Act.

    Terms: Fall 2024, Winter 2025

    Instructors: Appignanesi, Gus; Thomson, Roberta; Murahara, Flavio (Fall) Tesolin, Julia (Winter)

Complementary Courses (6 credits)

6 credits selected as specified below:

Multicultural Education

3 credits from:

  • EDEC 233 Indigenous Education (3 credits)

    Offered by: Integrated Studies in Ed (Faculty of Education)

    Overview

    Curriculum and Instruction : An exploration of Indigenous knowledge and pedagogy, primarily in Canada but also world-wide. Consideration of the diverse social, cultural, linguistic, political, and pedagogical histories of Indigenous communities. Examines how a teacher's professional identity and practice can be influenced by an understanding of Indigenous knowledge and worldviews.

    Terms: Fall 2024, Winter 2025

    Instructors: Kennedy, Michelle (Fall) Kennedy, Michelle; Bennett-Stonebanks, Melanie (Winter)

    • There is a $25 fee used to purchase essential materials needed to provide students with first hand insight into indigenous ways of knowing. Fees are also used to remunerate indigenous elders, knowledge keepers and/or cultural presenters that provide cultural or pedagogical expertise.

  • EDEC 248 Equity and Education (3 credits)

    Offered by: Integrated Studies in Ed (Faculty of Education)

    Overview

    Curriculum and Instruction : Introduction to and exploration of contemporary issues and theories about equity in education and society in Quebec/Canada from a range of perspectives, including the historical, political, social, and economic. Provides learning opportunities for future educators to critically reflect upon and engage with equity issues and concerns in relation to schooling, including the exploration of classroom resources and activities that foster anti-racism, anti-oppression and intercultural approaches.

    Terms: Fall 2024, Winter 2025

    Instructors: Bennett-Stonebanks, Melanie; Demian, Nagui (Fall) Tabi, Emmanuel (Winter)

    • Restriction: Not open to students who have taken or are taking EDEC 249.

  • EDEC 249 Global Education and Social Justice (3 credits)

    Offered by: Integrated Studies in Ed (Faculty of Education)

    Overview

    Curriculum and Instruction : A cross-curricular, interdisciplinary approach to teaching/creating learning experiences for students. It will foster critical thinking and nurture lifelong global understanding, active engagement and participation in relation to questions of social, economic, and environmental justice, by infusing these issues in the classroom.

    Terms: Fall 2024, Winter 2025

    Instructors: Nafziger, Rhoda Nanre (Fall) Barabas, Cris; Kaba, Adama (Winter)

    • Restriction: Not open to students who have taken or are taking EDEC 248.

Media, Technology, Computers and Education

3 credits from:

  • EDEC 262 Media, Technology and Education (3 credits)

    Offered by: Integrated Studies in Ed (Faculty of Education)

    Overview

    Curriculum and Instruction : Orientation to the equipment and systems of educational technology. Examination of theories of educational technology, media education and technology education and the exploration and development of possible applications in school settings.

    Terms: Fall 2024, Winter 2025

    Instructors: Lipset, Michael; Jarvis, Ashley; Margallo, Joseph (Fall) Lipset, Michael; Gill, Ravinder; McPherson, Heather (Winter)

    • **Due to the intensive nature of this course, the standard add/drop and withdrawal deadlines do not apply. Add/drop is the second lecture day and withdrawal is the fourth lecture day.

  • EDPT 200 Integrating Educational Technology in Classrooms (3 credits)

    Offered by: Educational&Counselling Psych (Faculty of Education)

    Overview

    Ed Psych & Couns (Media) : The course is designed to help practicing and future teachers integrate current and emerging technology in their daily teaching practices. It is a practical, hands-on course that is grounded in constructivist learning theory. The participants will learn by engaging in authentic tasks in a project-based learning environment.

    Terms: Fall 2024

    Instructors: Lobczowski, Nikki (Fall)

    • Also offered through the School of Continuing Studies.

  • EDPT 204 Creating and Using Media for Learning (3 credits)

    Offered by: Educational&Counselling Psych (Faculty of Education)

    Overview

    Ed Psych & Couns (Media) : Creating and using media for learning. The course reviews audio-visual education (text, visuals, audio, video, and augmented reality), media and information literacy for K-11, higher education, and society, and how data are represented and used in education and research in different disciplines. The rationale and underlying principles for the design, production and effective use of media are emphasized.

    Terms: Winter 2025

    Instructors: Bruzzese, Sam (Winter)

    • Offered through the School of Continuing Studies.

Electives (12 credits)

12 credits chosen from any of the University's course offerings to contribute to the student's academic proficiency and professional preparation. Students are encouraged to choose as they wish. However, beware that some courses have restrictions, pre-requisites and/or enrollment limitations.

Faculty of Education—2024-2025 (last updated Aug. 21, 2024) (disclaimer)
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